Recent Trends in Sciences (Second Volume) explores the latest advancements across biological sciences, material sciences, earth sciences, and mathematical sciences. Authored by distinguished scholars, it presents contemporary research and emerging scientific trends in a clear and accessible manner. The volume highlights interdisciplinary approaches, simplifying complex concepts for researchers, academicians, students, and general readers. By showcasing recent breakthroughs and future research directions, this book serves as a valuable reference for understanding the rapidly evolving landscape of science and its growing impact on society, innovation, and sustainable development.